WEBVTT 1 00:00:27.561 --> 00:00:28.561 Hello students. 2 00:00:28.624 --> 00:00:33.421 In the first week of this MOOC Course on Solid and Hazardous Waste Management; 3 00:00:33.421 --> 00:00:37.233 we have 3 modules and the first module is 4 00:00:37.233 --> 00:00:41.564 on the types and classification of solid waste. 5 00:00:41.756 --> 00:00:46.559 In this module we will be learning that what is the definition of waste, 6 00:00:46.559 --> 00:00:53.181 what is the classification of waste and how to classify the solid waste? 7 00:00:53.913 --> 00:00:58.958 First of all let we try to know that how the waste are generated? 8 00:00:59.189 --> 00:01:04.439 Basically, when we use any material that material is not completely 9 00:01:04.556 --> 00:01:09.082 used by the man and the sum part goes as waste. 10 00:01:09.082 --> 00:01:12.662 Similarly, when we produce something whether it is at industrial level 11 00:01:12.662 --> 00:01:15.150 whether it is at domestic level 12 00:01:15.150 --> 00:01:18.758 there are also all the raw material is not converted into 13 00:01:18.866 --> 00:01:21.948 product, something goes to the waste. 14 00:01:21.999 --> 00:01:28.998 By definition waste is defined as any unwanted or unstable substance 15 00:01:28.998 --> 00:01:33.258 that is discarded after primary use is called as waste. 16 00:01:33.258 --> 00:01:39.103 They are generated from human activities as well as by the animal activities. 17 00:01:39.103 --> 00:01:45.467 In the recent times due to urbanisation rapid advancement in the industrialisation 18 00:01:45.467 --> 00:01:51.527 or we can say haphazard industrialisation has lead to an increase in the production 19 00:01:51.527 --> 00:01:56.929 and consumption of processes and that is resulting in the generation of waste. 20 00:01:56.929 --> 00:02:00.401 Let we try to define the waste. 21 00:02:00.401 --> 00:02:02.691 According to the Basal Convention 22 00:02:02.691 --> 00:02:06.952 on the control and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, 23 00:02:07.190 --> 00:02:11.323 “‘Waste’ are the substances or objects which are disposed off 24 00:02:11.385 --> 00:02:17.066 or are intended to be disposed off or are required to be disposed of 25 00:02:17.305 --> 00:02:20.774 by the provisions of National Law. 26 00:02:20.977 --> 00:02:28.248 ” According to European waste catalogue waste has been defined in the section 4(1) 27 00:02:28.248 --> 00:02:30.305 of this waste management. 28 00:02:30.523 --> 00:02:33.751 Waste is defined in the section 4(1) 29 00:02:33.751 --> 00:02:39.237 of the waste management act of 1996 as well as of 2001 as: 30 00:02:39.237 --> 00:02:46.491 “any substance or object belonging to a category of waste specified in the 31 00:02:46.491 --> 00:02:52.219 first schedule of the waste management act of 1996 or 2001 32 00:02:52.219 --> 00:02:57.958 or for the time being included in the European waste catalogue 33 00:02:57.958 --> 00:03:03.068 which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard 34 00:03:03.068 --> 00:03:08.724 and anything which is discarded or otherwise dealt with as if 35 00:03:08.724 --> 00:03:15.646 it were waste shall be presumed to be waste until the contrary is provided. 36 00:03:15.646 --> 00:03:20.243 ” According to the United Nations statistics division 37 00:03:20.243 --> 00:03:22.632 that is sometimes called as you (UNSD), 38 00:03:22.632 --> 00:03:27.111 “waste materials that are not prime products 39 00:03:27.111 --> 00:03:31.794 that is product produced for the market for which 40 00:03:31.957 --> 00:03:36.759 the generator has no further use in terms of his or her 41 00:03:36.759 --> 00:03:43.165 on purpose of production transformation or consumption and of which he or she 42 00:03:43.165 --> 00:03:47.276 wants to dispose waste may be generated 43 00:03:47.276 --> 00:03:51.982 during the extraction of raw materials the processing of raw materials 44 00:03:51.982 --> 00:03:57.083 into intermediates and final products; the consumption of final products 45 00:03:57.083 --> 00:04:03.461 and of the and other human activities: residuals, recycle or reused 46 00:04:03.461 --> 00:04:08.697 at the places of generation are excluded from this definition of waste.” 47 00:04:08.942 --> 00:04:16.369 The European Union defines waste as, “any object that holder discards, 48 00:04:16.369 --> 00:04:23.040 intents to discard or is required to discard that is called as waste.” 49 00:04:23.040 --> 00:04:28.177 Now, we have learnt that what is a waste? Now, let we try to classify the waste. 50 00:04:28.177 --> 00:04:33.045 Depending upon the face waste can be classified as solid waste, 51 00:04:33.045 --> 00:04:36.127 liquid waste and gaseous waste. 52 00:04:36.127 --> 00:04:40.867 Solid waste: as the name is indicating these are solid in nature. 53 00:04:40.867 --> 00:04:46.782 These are also includes some liquid and some semisolid waste also. 54 00:04:46.782 --> 00:04:51.456 The examples of the solid wastes are: waste tyres, scrap metal, 55 00:04:51.456 --> 00:04:54.741 latex paints, furniture etc. 56 00:04:54.741 --> 00:04:59.394 Liquid waste as the name is indicating, this are liquid in nature 57 00:04:59.394 --> 00:05:01.874 these are produced at domestic level, 58 00:05:01.874 --> 00:05:05.958 at commercial level as well as at industrial level. 59 00:05:05.958 --> 00:05:12.746 This liquid waste contains domestic washing, chemicals, oils, used oils 60 00:05:12.746 --> 00:05:16.603 and other hazardous household liquids. 61 00:05:16.603 --> 00:05:21.285 The gaseous wastes: gaseous waste, as the name is indicating 62 00:05:21.371 --> 00:05:24.537 the gaseous wastes are gaseous in nature. 63 00:05:24.537 --> 00:05:28.047 These are also produced from our domestic activities, 64 00:05:28.047 --> 00:05:31.577 commercial activities as well as industrial activities. 65 00:05:31.577 --> 00:05:35.342 The examples of gaseous wastes are: Carbon Monoxide, 66 00:05:35.342 --> 00:05:41.441 Carbon Dioxide, Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Ozone, Methane etc.; 67 00:05:41.441 --> 00:05:44.966 there are many examples of the gaseous wastes. 68 00:05:45.417 --> 00:05:50.395 Ok Now, let we come to the definition of solid wastes. 69 00:05:50.622 --> 00:05:54.930 Any unwanted Material disposed by human activities 70 00:05:54.930 --> 00:06:00.729 which can neither flow in water streams and nor escapes into atmosphere immediately 71 00:06:01.090 --> 00:06:04.950 in gaseous form is called as solid waste. 72 00:06:05.492 --> 00:06:12.714 Government of India has notified solid waste management handling rules in 2016 73 00:06:12.714 --> 00:06:19.268 by gadget notification and in the solid waste management and handling rules 2016 74 00:06:19.268 --> 00:06:22.852 solid waste are defined as means 75 00:06:23.530 --> 00:06:27.454 and includes solids or Semi solid domestic waste, 76 00:06:27.454 --> 00:06:33.053 sanitary waste, commercial waste, institutional waste, catering waste 77 00:06:33.053 --> 00:06:37.236 and market waste and other non-residential waste, 78 00:06:37.236 --> 00:06:43.418 street sweepings, silt removed or collected from the surface drains, 79 00:06:43.418 --> 00:06:47.562 horticultural waste agricultural waste, dairy waste, 80 00:06:47.562 --> 00:06:52.096 treated bio-medical waste, excluding industrial waste, bio-medical waste 81 00:06:52.218 --> 00:06:56.999 and e-waste, battery waste radioactive waste generated 82 00:06:57.219 --> 00:07:03.488 in the area under the local authorities and other entities as mentioned 83 00:07:03.488 --> 00:07:09.509 in the rule 2 of the solid waste and management and handling rules 2016. 84 00:07:09.509 --> 00:07:14.993 We tried to find out the definition of waste in this act. 85 00:07:15.018 --> 00:07:19.286 The definition of waste is not given in any act 86 00:07:19.286 --> 00:07:25.394 which is enacted by the Government of India but the definition of solid waste is given. 87 00:07:25.717 --> 00:07:28.550 Now, let we try to classify the solid waste. 88 00:07:28.688 --> 00:07:33.657 Solid waste can be classified on the basis of the source of their generation, 89 00:07:33.657 --> 00:07:39.020 on the basis of their type as well as on the basis of their properties. 90 00:07:39.850 --> 00:07:47.003 On the basis of source, solid wastes are classified as: municipality solid waste 91 00:07:47.003 --> 00:07:53.018 sometime also called as MSW, industrial waste, institutional and commercial waste, 92 00:07:53.128 --> 00:07:56.860 bio-medical waste and agricultural waste. 93 00:07:56.860 --> 00:08:05.728 Based upon they are type these are classified as: garbage, rubbish bulk waste, 94 00:08:05.728 --> 00:08:11.878 ashes, street waste, dead animals, construction and demolition waste, 95 00:08:12.064 --> 00:08:18.373 sewage wastes and sludge plastics, mining wastes radioactive waste. 96 00:08:18.373 --> 00:08:23.398 Several other classifications can be given based upon their type. 97 00:08:23.398 --> 00:08:29.889 Based upon their properties solid waste can be classified as biodegradable wastes 98 00:08:29.889 --> 00:08:32.167 of sometime called as organic wastes; 99 00:08:32.206 --> 00:08:36.330 non-biodegradable waste called as inorganic waste also 100 00:08:36.580 --> 00:08:40.111 hazardous waste and non-hazardous waste. 101 00:08:40.301 --> 00:08:43.793 Municipality solid wastes are mixed wastes. 102 00:08:44.008 --> 00:08:49.526 These are commonly referred as: trash, garbage or refuse. 103 00:08:49.842 --> 00:08:56.280 This municipality solid waste comprises of street waste, dead animals; 104 00:08:56.533 --> 00:09:00.800 these dead animals include pet animals as well as farm animals. 105 00:09:00.962 --> 00:09:06.800 There is market waste: abundant vehicle, then household garbage: rubbish, 106 00:09:06.800 --> 00:09:10.618 construction and demolition debris, sanitation residues, 107 00:09:10.618 --> 00:09:14.120 packaging material, trade refuse etc. 108 00:09:14.120 --> 00:09:17.950 these all are covered under municipality solid waste 109 00:09:17.950 --> 00:09:22.320 or in nutshell we can say municipality solid waste is 110 00:09:22.522 --> 00:09:27.215 mixed waste that is generated within the municipality limits. 111 00:09:27.468 --> 00:09:31.583 This municipality solid waste doesn't include Industrial waste, 112 00:09:31.583 --> 00:09:34.756 bio- medical waste and e-waste. 113 00:09:35.012 --> 00:09:39.220 The proportion of different constituents of municipality waste 114 00:09:39.220 --> 00:09:42.568 vary from place to place, season to season 115 00:09:42.568 --> 00:09:46.409 depending on the food habits of the people living an area, 116 00:09:46.409 --> 00:09:49.895 on the based on the life style, living and area 117 00:09:49.895 --> 00:09:53.200 and standard of living and extent of 118 00:09:53.200 --> 00:09:57.183 commercial and industrial activities in an area. 119 00:09:57.183 --> 00:10:01.782 In the developing countries the physicochemical properties 120 00:10:01.782 --> 00:10:05.597 as well as the constituent of the municipality solid waste 121 00:10:05.597 --> 00:10:09.518 may be different from the physicochemical properties 122 00:10:09.518 --> 00:10:14.626 at the constituents of the solid waste in the developed countries. 123 00:10:14.728 --> 00:10:20.883 It's difficult to give the composition to the municipality solid waste 124 00:10:20.883 --> 00:10:22.661 as just now we have discussed 125 00:10:22.709 --> 00:10:27.510 that the solid waste generated in different communities in different countries 126 00:10:27.510 --> 00:10:30.677 on different places is having different properties. 127 00:10:30.677 --> 00:10:33.612 Central pollution control board Government of India 128 00:10:33.612 --> 00:10:38.306 has tried to give a composition to the municipality solid waste. 129 00:10:38.507 --> 00:10:41.695 I will say that the composition that is given by 130 00:10:41.695 --> 00:10:46.070 CPCB that is central pollution control board is very imperial in nature. 131 00:10:46.070 --> 00:10:54.895 This Indian Municipality Solid Waste that contains about 40% compostable matter, 132 00:10:54.895 --> 00:11:05.240 about 3.8 % of grass about 0.8%, of paper about 0.6%, of plastics 133 00:11:05.240 --> 00:11:08.930 about 0.44%, of glass ceramics, 134 00:11:08.930 --> 00:11:19.500 it contains metals about 0.6% and this contain stones and ashes about 41 to 42% 135 00:11:19.500 --> 00:11:22.714 and miscellaneous matter that cannot be given 136 00:11:22.714 --> 00:11:27.516 or that is not identify able is about 11 to 12%. 137 00:11:27.516 --> 00:11:32.821 This composition of solid waste is very very important because waste upon this 138 00:11:32.821 --> 00:11:38.835 we can decide that what kind of treatment or what kind of management 139 00:11:39.471 --> 00:11:45.652 be adopted for this waste, Now, let we come to the industrial waste. 140 00:11:45.652 --> 00:11:49.522 As the name is indicating, industrial waste are the waste 141 00:11:49.522 --> 00:11:52.809 which are generated during Industrial activities. 142 00:11:52.897 --> 00:11:57.823 Let we take one example; in a thermal power plant electricity is produced 143 00:11:57.823 --> 00:12:02.283 by burning the coal when we burn coal fly ash is produced, 144 00:12:02.283 --> 00:12:06.009 so fly ash is an example of Industrial waste. 145 00:12:06.009 --> 00:12:09.845 Let me take another example in the mining industry, 146 00:12:09.845 --> 00:12:14.327 whatever be mine that all hundred percent is not mineral, 147 00:12:14.327 --> 00:12:19.385 it contains lot of waste that may be in the form of earth 148 00:12:19.847 --> 00:12:25.649 or some other minor minerals that will come under the category of industrial waste. 149 00:12:25.649 --> 00:12:32.943 In addition to this our chemical industries produce large number of industrial waste. 150 00:12:32.943 --> 00:12:36.858 The waste which are generated by our industries, 151 00:12:36.956 --> 00:12:42.778 they may be further classified as toxic and non-toxic waste, 152 00:12:42.778 --> 00:12:47.612 they may also be classified as hazardous and non hazardous waste, 153 00:12:47.612 --> 00:12:53.426 they may also be classified as biodegradable or non-biodegradable waste. 154 00:12:53.426 --> 00:12:58.151 The main sources of the industrial wastes are chemical plants, 155 00:12:58.322 --> 00:13:02.044 paint industry, cement factories, metallurgical plants, 156 00:13:02.044 --> 00:13:05.914 thermal power plant, as we have just now discussed about fly ash, 157 00:13:06.164 --> 00:13:14.037 petroleum coal gas sanitary textile food processing and paper industry; 158 00:13:14.409 --> 00:13:19.760 these are some of the examples which generate industrial waste. 159 00:13:20.066 --> 00:13:24.043 Well while travelling to different places I have clicked 160 00:13:24.545 --> 00:13:27.867 some pictures of the solid waste disposal. 161 00:13:28.339 --> 00:13:31.910 Through this picture you will learn a lot. 162 00:13:31.938 --> 00:13:36.335 You see in these pictures the waste is disposed in open 163 00:13:36.521 --> 00:13:42.785 and a number of birds and stray cattle are visiting to those waste ducks. 164 00:13:42.952 --> 00:13:46.063 In addition to this in pictures you will see 165 00:13:46.139 --> 00:13:52.242 that in number of Rag pickers are trying to collect the materials 166 00:13:52.292 --> 00:13:56.354 from the waste, from which they earn their livelihood. 167 00:13:56.546 --> 00:14:01.302 So, what I conclude from these pictures that this is not a waste, 168 00:14:01.302 --> 00:14:05.984 rather this is a resource that has been placed at a wrong place. 169 00:14:06.039 --> 00:14:14.153 If this solid waste can be used as a resource and different processes 170 00:14:14.153 --> 00:14:18.753 that time it will be very easy for us to handle this problem of 171 00:14:18.753 --> 00:14:23.112 solid waste management otherwise this is going to be a 172 00:14:23.112 --> 00:14:26.016 very challenging issues for us in future. 173 00:14:26.571 --> 00:14:30.656 Let we come to the institutional and commercial waste. 174 00:14:30.776 --> 00:14:37.140 Institutional and commercial waste are generated from different Institutions 175 00:14:37.140 --> 00:14:43.479 and different commercial activities and these include, administrative offices, 176 00:14:43.479 --> 00:14:48.180 educational institutions, allied schools, colleges, Universities 177 00:14:48.180 --> 00:14:54.646 and public buildings such as: offices, schools, colleges, Hospital, 178 00:14:54.646 --> 00:14:59.301 government Centre, prism, and other commercial establishments 179 00:14:59.301 --> 00:15:02.263 like wholesale and retail stores, 180 00:15:02.263 --> 00:15:07.187 restaurants, hotels, market, warehouses etc. 181 00:15:07.265 --> 00:15:12.870 Agriculture waste: Agricultural wastes are produced from the agricultural activities 182 00:15:12.870 --> 00:15:17.373 which we do at the farm as well as agricultural waste include 183 00:15:17.373 --> 00:15:22.582 the waste which are generated during the processing of the agricultural produce. 184 00:15:22.582 --> 00:15:29.097 Agricultural waste includes both natural that is organic and non-natural waste 185 00:15:29.097 --> 00:15:32.193 that is generated through farming activities, 186 00:15:32.325 --> 00:15:36.388 waste generated from dairy farming, Horticulture, 187 00:15:36.778 --> 00:15:44.319 seed growing livestock breeding, grazing lands, market gardens, 188 00:15:44.319 --> 00:15:52.473 nursery plots and even woodlands all comes under the category of agriculture waste. 189 00:15:52.473 --> 00:15:59.121 Some of the agricultural waste includes spoil food grains, vegetables, animals, 190 00:15:59.121 --> 00:16:04.759 and plants waste litter, pesticides, fertilizers etc. 191 00:16:05.001 --> 00:16:09.962 The agricultural waste that is containing pesticides and fertilizers 192 00:16:10.030 --> 00:16:15.259 they further the contaminate other components of the environment. 193 00:16:15.563 --> 00:16:21.230 You might have seen in newspapers different news items or you might have seen on the 194 00:16:21.284 --> 00:16:26.576 television one or the other day there are news items regarding the 195 00:16:26.746 --> 00:16:33.524 effects of pesticides on mortalities or morbidities due to the pesticides 196 00:16:33.706 --> 00:16:36.350 during the farm operations. 197 00:16:36.454 --> 00:16:41.692 Similarly, you might have read some news items about fertilizer also. 198 00:16:41.692 --> 00:16:48.152 I'll suggest my students that let they go through the news papers of last 3 months 199 00:16:48.152 --> 00:16:54.836 and try to find out that how these pesticides or this fertilizers 200 00:16:54.836 --> 00:16:57.217 have affected the environment. 201 00:16:57.217 --> 00:16:58.804 Let we come to the biomedical waste 202 00:16:59.445 --> 00:17:03.687 bio-medical waste sometimes also called as hospital waste. 203 00:17:03.687 --> 00:17:10.082 These wastes are produced from hospitals, from veterinary hospitals also 204 00:17:10.082 --> 00:17:12.415 medical centres and nursing homes. 205 00:17:12.667 --> 00:17:19.631 These may be solid or liquid waste and these include discarded blood, sharps, 206 00:17:19.814 --> 00:17:23.547 soiled wastes, disposables, anatomical waste, 207 00:17:23.732 --> 00:17:28.344 cultures, discarded medicines, chemical waste etc. 208 00:17:28.871 --> 00:17:33.258 As for as these bio-medical waste are concerned Government of India has passed 209 00:17:33.258 --> 00:17:40.379 these biomedical waste management and handling rules in 2016 210 00:17:40.379 --> 00:17:46.124 and in these bio-medical waste management and handling rules 211 00:17:46.149 --> 00:17:49.301 the classification of this biomedical waste is given 212 00:17:49.301 --> 00:17:53.270 that we are going to study in detail in the coming module, 213 00:17:53.270 --> 00:17:57.354 but here I would suggest the students please have a look on the 214 00:17:57.459 --> 00:18:02.350 this bio-medical waste management and handling rules 2016. 215 00:18:02.350 --> 00:18:07.783 So, they come to know about the different categories of the biomedical waste 216 00:18:07.783 --> 00:18:09.649 which are given in that act. 217 00:18:09.694 --> 00:18:15.313 Along with this and also suggest to my students to know about the 218 00:18:15.772 --> 00:18:22.957 different classes that are given by the WHO regarding bio-medical waste. 219 00:18:23.431 --> 00:18:27.392 Now, we will classify the waste based on their type. 220 00:18:27.558 --> 00:18:33.565 The first type is garbage, waste that include animal and vegetable waste 221 00:18:33.565 --> 00:18:40.817 generated from our kitchen, our cooking, food servings, slaughter houses, 222 00:18:40.817 --> 00:18:44.992 market refuse, vegetable peels, leftover food, 223 00:18:44.992 --> 00:18:49.777 skin, bones, meet of slaughter animals etc. 224 00:18:49.777 --> 00:18:52.679 they all come under the category of garbage. 225 00:18:52.938 --> 00:18:56.777 Basically, garbage is nutrifriable in nature. 226 00:18:56.777 --> 00:19:00.685 This is having significant amount of moisture. 227 00:19:00.685 --> 00:19:06.118 If this waste Is not disposed immediately I'll say in two-three days, 228 00:19:06.294 --> 00:19:12.718 this may lead to production of order or foul smell at that particular place. 229 00:19:12.932 --> 00:19:16.567 Next category of solid waste is rubbish. 230 00:19:16.567 --> 00:19:20.765 Rubbish arise mainly as a result of households, 231 00:19:20.892 --> 00:19:24.184 commercial and institutional activities. 232 00:19:24.184 --> 00:19:30.559 This excludes garbage and ashes because these are termed as rubbish. 233 00:19:30.788 --> 00:19:34.685 The examples of rubbish are: paper cardboard, 234 00:19:34.685 --> 00:19:39.090 carton boxes, torn cloths, bulk waste etc. 235 00:19:39.207 --> 00:19:43.854 The other category is bulk waste as the name is indicating 236 00:19:43.908 --> 00:19:46.551 these are bulky in size. 237 00:19:46.551 --> 00:19:52.352 These bulky household wastes consists of household furniture, appliances, 238 00:19:52.558 --> 00:20:00.144 for example: stoves, washing machines and refrigerators, mattresses and springs, 239 00:20:00.314 --> 00:20:11.063 rugs, TV sets, water heaters, tires, lawn mowers, auto parts, trees and plant debris 240 00:20:11.063 --> 00:20:15.846 that also come under the category of bulky household waste. 241 00:20:16.100 --> 00:20:24.175 Ashes are the fine powdery residues, these are cinders and clinkers 242 00:20:24.175 --> 00:20:30.262 which originate from the burning of fossil fuels as well as wood and are we can say 243 00:20:30.568 --> 00:20:35.862 the ashes are produced from the burning of any combustible material. 244 00:20:35.862 --> 00:20:38.124 These are generated in our houses, 245 00:20:38.124 --> 00:20:42.257 in institution as well as in the industrial establishment. 246 00:20:42.830 --> 00:20:46.003 there one ash that is called as fly ash 247 00:20:46.003 --> 00:20:50.857 that is generated in the thermal power plants is a big danger to our environment. 248 00:20:50.857 --> 00:20:56.994 Regarding the fly ash we will be discussing in the next models in detail. 249 00:20:56.994 --> 00:21:02.313 Street waste as the name is indicating, street waste are the waste 250 00:21:02.313 --> 00:21:10.658 that are generated from sweets, walk wastes, parks, beaches and vacant plots. 251 00:21:10.658 --> 00:21:17.982 These comprises of leaves, dirt, dust, litter, paper, plastic 252 00:21:17.982 --> 00:21:22.685 and other vegetable matter and dead animals. 253 00:21:22.935 --> 00:21:28.342 Street sweepings contain a significant amount of dirt. 254 00:21:28.485 --> 00:21:37.097 It has been reported that these contain 40 to 50% of the dust that is inert in nature. 255 00:21:37.097 --> 00:21:41.386 Dead animals; Dead animals include the animals 256 00:21:41.386 --> 00:21:48.790 that died naturally or accidentally and they are categorised as Dead animal waste. 257 00:21:48.790 --> 00:21:56.409 They are also categorised as small animals such as cats, dogs, rats, rabbits, 258 00:21:56.409 --> 00:22:05.038 poultry birds and large animals, example: horses, cows, goats, buffaloes, sheep etc. 259 00:22:05.503 --> 00:22:10.101 Yes these dead animals don’t include the 260 00:22:10.101 --> 00:22:13.957 animal waste that is generated at the slaughter houses. 261 00:22:14.274 --> 00:22:17.635 The animal waste that is generated at the slaughter houses 262 00:22:17.635 --> 00:22:23.130 that is part of industrial waste or considered under industrial waste. 263 00:22:23.130 --> 00:22:27.161 Construction and demolition wastes; construction and demolition waste 264 00:22:27.161 --> 00:22:31.534 materials are generated during the construction, refurbishment, 265 00:22:31.534 --> 00:22:38.285 repair and demolition of houses, commercial buildings, roads and other structures; 266 00:22:38.520 --> 00:22:44.407 they are generated in large amount these are mainly inert in nature. 267 00:22:44.407 --> 00:22:48.883 The examples of demolition and construction waste are broken bricks, 268 00:22:48.883 --> 00:22:52.058 cement blocks, window panes, doors, 269 00:22:52.058 --> 00:22:56.990 sanitary items then sewage waste and sledges. 270 00:22:57.370 --> 00:23:01.575 Sewage waste and sledges are the settled solid components 271 00:23:01.575 --> 00:23:06.694 residual or semi solid material that are categorised as sewage wastes. 272 00:23:06.694 --> 00:23:12.405 You might have studied the sewage treatment plants or effluent treatment plants. 273 00:23:12.405 --> 00:23:17.318 You know that over their primary sewage sludge and secondary sewage sludge is 274 00:23:17.318 --> 00:23:22.431 generated and that all sewage sludge that is generated over there 275 00:23:22.431 --> 00:23:25.614 that is considered as solid waste, 276 00:23:25.614 --> 00:23:29.036 the waste that is generated by the septic tanks 277 00:23:29.036 --> 00:23:32.213 that is also considered under this category. 278 00:23:32.418 --> 00:23:39.420 Plastic is such a big problem the theme of the World Environment Day in 2018 279 00:23:39.420 --> 00:23:42.476 was beat the plastic pollution. 280 00:23:42.476 --> 00:23:48.099 Plastic are generated as waste from almost all sectors that includes 281 00:23:48.099 --> 00:23:54.165 agriculture sector, construction sector, consumer goods, household healthcare, 282 00:23:54.401 --> 00:24:01.239 hotels and catering, packaging, telecommunication, air and travel industry. 283 00:24:01.239 --> 00:24:04.565 Mining wastes, mining waste are generated from 284 00:24:04.688 --> 00:24:08.997 extractive operations of mineral resources. 285 00:24:09.201 --> 00:24:13.546 These mining wastes include materials such as topsoil. 286 00:24:13.546 --> 00:24:16.102 You know that mining is done in two ways. 287 00:24:16.102 --> 00:24:22.709 It is either done open mining when we just remove the topsoil 288 00:24:22.709 --> 00:24:29.891 and we start mining the mineral and second one mining is that we do inside the caves. 289 00:24:29.891 --> 00:24:34.512 In both type of mining large quantities of the waste are generated 290 00:24:34.705 --> 00:24:42.966 and these waste are necessary to be removed to have access to the mineral resources. 291 00:24:42.966 --> 00:24:47.366 Radioactive waste, radioactive wastes are a special kind of waste 292 00:24:47.366 --> 00:24:51.380 radioactive waste are generated from several activities, 293 00:24:51.555 --> 00:24:54.783 the major activities from which radioactive waste are generated 294 00:24:54.783 --> 00:25:02.001 they include our nuclear testing’s, nuclear power plants, our hospitals; 295 00:25:02.521 --> 00:25:06.168 they are the major sources of the radioactive waste. 296 00:25:06.168 --> 00:25:09.921 Radioactive wastes as you all know are hazardous in nature 297 00:25:09.921 --> 00:25:13.194 and these are the by-products of nuclear reactions. 298 00:25:13.323 --> 00:25:17.107 We also know that radioactive materials of radioactive waste, 299 00:25:17.125 --> 00:25:23.956 they decay overtime ranging from a few days to millions of years. 300 00:25:24.222 --> 00:25:29.296 I would like to give an example for example you take the case of Iodine 131, 301 00:25:29.296 --> 00:25:34.629 this is a radionuclide that is generated in the nuclear power plants 302 00:25:34.629 --> 00:25:38.623 and the half life of this is just eight days 303 00:25:38.623 --> 00:25:40.908 whereas the another radionuclide 304 00:25:40.908 --> 00:25:45.499 that is generated in our nuclear power plants is, Strontium 90. 305 00:25:46.992 --> 00:25:51.873 The half life of Strontium 90 is about 28 or 29 years. 306 00:25:51.968 --> 00:25:57.108 So, there is a huge gap in the half Life period 307 00:25:57.108 --> 00:26:01.522 and this half life is very very important for the purpose of 308 00:26:01.522 --> 00:26:07.266 management and disposal of radioactive or nuclear wastes. 309 00:26:07.436 --> 00:26:12.636 Now, we will attempt to classify the solid waste based upon their properties. 310 00:26:12.798 --> 00:26:16.494 Based upon their properties, these can be classified as 311 00:26:16.494 --> 00:26:20.526 biodegradable and non-biodegradable solid waste. 312 00:26:20.601 --> 00:26:25.045 Biodegradable wastes are also called as organic waste, 313 00:26:25.218 --> 00:26:30.069 these are the waste that can be decomposed by natural processes 314 00:26:30.069 --> 00:26:33.614 such as composting, aerobic/anaerobic digestion. 315 00:26:33.739 --> 00:26:37.702 This composting and digestion and several other methods 316 00:26:37.702 --> 00:26:41.525 which can be used for the management or to recover the resources 317 00:26:41.649 --> 00:26:47.215 from the biodegradable waste will be discussed in detail in the next modules; 318 00:26:47.409 --> 00:26:51.428 the examples of biodegradable wastes are: green waste, 319 00:26:51.453 --> 00:26:55.414 food waste, paper waste, biodegradable plastics; 320 00:26:55.414 --> 00:26:59.944 yes, these have recently been introduced, human and animal waste, 321 00:26:59.969 --> 00:27:03.103 sewage as far as the sewage is concerned 322 00:27:03.103 --> 00:27:07.251 if we do its proper treatment, if you do its proper disinfection 323 00:27:07.251 --> 00:27:12.616 then it can be used as a very good quality manure in our agricultural fields, 324 00:27:12.705 --> 00:27:15.462 then slaughter house waste etc. 325 00:27:15.462 --> 00:27:20.156 Non-biodegradable wastes as the name indicating these are those wastes, 326 00:27:20.287 --> 00:27:25.085 those cannot be decomposed and these remain as such 327 00:27:25.085 --> 00:27:27.789 in the environment for very long period 328 00:27:27.789 --> 00:27:33.745 and then they give their ill effects on the different components of the environment. 329 00:27:33.745 --> 00:27:37.616 The examples of non-biodegradable wastes are: plastics, 330 00:27:37.948 --> 00:27:46.781 glass, rubber tyres, Styrofoam, fibreglass, metals and nuclear waste. 331 00:27:47.060 --> 00:27:49.856 Solid waste can also be classified as 332 00:27:49.925 --> 00:27:54.904 hazardous and non-hazardous waste, based upon their properties. 333 00:27:54.904 --> 00:28:00.293 Hazardous wastes are the chemical material that can no longer be used 334 00:28:00.293 --> 00:28:03.932 for its intended purpose and is known to be harmful 335 00:28:03.932 --> 00:28:10.531 or potentially harmful to plants, animals and human health or to the environment. 336 00:28:10.664 --> 00:28:18.991 Hazardous materials may be toxic, reactive, ignitable and corrosive in nature. 337 00:28:19.083 --> 00:28:25.889 Hazardous materials also includes explosives, infectious materials, 338 00:28:26.035 --> 00:28:30.874 radioactive materials as well as ignitable or volatile material 339 00:28:31.072 --> 00:28:35.255 whereas non-hazardous waste are those substances 340 00:28:35.433 --> 00:28:39.865 those are safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally or 341 00:28:39.865 --> 00:28:42.589 economically or in the nut shall we can say 342 00:28:42.589 --> 00:28:45.247 whether a material is hazardous or non-hazardous 343 00:28:45.247 --> 00:28:48.455 that is decided based upon their 4 properties. 344 00:28:48.455 --> 00:28:52.128 One of them is toxicity, second of them is corrosivity, 345 00:28:52.330 --> 00:28:58.033 third of them is their reactivity and fourth of them is there explocability. 346 00:28:58.236 --> 00:29:02.291 If a substance is having any one of these 4 properties 347 00:29:02.291 --> 00:29:05.428 that will be called as hazardous waste. 348 00:29:05.648 --> 00:29:12.632 So students, in this module we have studied that what is a waste? 349 00:29:12.632 --> 00:29:16.386 How the waste has been defined by different Agencies? 350 00:29:16.534 --> 00:29:23.458 Then, we learn about different classes of the waste depending upon their face, 351 00:29:23.458 --> 00:29:27.769 then we learnt about definition of solid waste 352 00:29:27.769 --> 00:29:32.647 that is given in the Solid Waste Management Handling Rules, 2016 353 00:29:32.647 --> 00:29:39.251 and then we learnt about the classification of waste depending upon their sources, 354 00:29:39.251 --> 00:29:43.559 depending upon their type and depending upon their properties. 355 00:29:43.842 --> 00:29:48.626 In the end I’ll suggest my student to do some homework. 356 00:29:49.571 --> 00:29:55.133 They should make a list of different solid waste which are generated at their houses 357 00:29:55.133 --> 00:29:59.947 as well as I'll also suggest my students to do one small practical, 358 00:29:59.947 --> 00:30:03.153 let the collect the solid waste of their house kitchen 359 00:30:03.153 --> 00:30:08.824 or of their hostel kitchen and try to find out its moisture content. 360 00:30:08.824 --> 00:30:09.879 Thank you.